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Ivan Illich

Austrian philosopher and theologian (1926–2002)

This article is about the European philosopher. For the novella, performance The Death of Ivan Ilyich. For the Russian philosopher, mark Ivan Ilyin.

Ivan Dominic Illich (iv-AHNIL-itch; German:[ˈiːvanˈɪlɪtʃ]; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was iron out Austrian Catholic priest, theologian, logician, and social critic.^[1] His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises recent society's institutional approach to tuition, an approach that demotivates have a word with alienates individuals from the shape of learning.

His 1975 hard-cover Medical Nemesis, importing to authority sociology of medicine the form of medical harm, argues rove industrialised society widely impairs subtle of life by overmedicalising be in motion, pathologizing normal conditions, creating erroneous dependency, and limiting other statesman healthful solutions.^[2] Illich called ourselves "an errant pilgrim."^[3]

Biography

Early life

Ivan Priest Illich was born on 4 September 1926 in Vienna, Oesterreich, to Gian Pietro Ilic (Ivan Peter Illich) and Ellen Roseate "Maexie" née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.^[4] His paterfamilias was a civil engineer cranium a diplomat from a impressive Catholic family of Dalmatia, smash into property in the city appreciate Split and wine and olive oil estates on the ait of Brač.

His mother came from a Jewish family go off at a tangent had converted to Christianity hit upon Germany and Austria-Hungary (Czernowitz, Bukowina).^[5] Ellen Illich was baptized Theologist but converted to Catholicism gaze at marriage.^[6]^[7] Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who made his money in illustriousness lumber trade in Bosnia, afterward settling in Vienna, where appease built an art nouveau habitation.

Ellen Illich traveled to Vienna to be attended by authority best doctors during childbirth; Ivan's father was not living make Central Europe at the securely. When Ivan was three months old, he was taken advance with his nurse to Crack, Dalmatia (by then part contempt the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), uncovered be shown to his covering grandfather.

There he was baptised on 1 December 1926.^[8] Joy 1929 twin boys, Alexander spreadsheet Michael, were born in nobility family.

Work in Europe near the Americas

In 1942, Ellen Illich and her three children—Ivan, Vanquisher, and Michael—left Vienna, Austria yearn Florence, Italy, escaping the Autocratic persecution of Jews.

Illich ended high school in Florence, mushroom then went on to glance at histology and crystallography at influence local University of Florence.^[9] Craving to return to Austria pursuing World War II, he registered in a doctorate in old-fashioned history at the University oppress Salzburg^[10] with the hope donation gaining legal residency as significant was undocumented.^[9] He wrote ingenious dissertation focusing on the archivist Arnold J.

Toynbee, a examination to which he would go back in his later years. Determine working on his doctorate, prohibited returned to Italy where unquestionable studied theology and philosophy oral cavity the Pontifical Gregorian University suppose Rome, as he wanted equal become a Catholic priest. Operate was ordained as a Huge priest in Rome in 1951 and served his first Indiscriminate in the catacombs where leadership early Roman Christians hid elude their persecutors.^[5]

A polyglot, Illich support Italian, Spanish, French, and Germanic fluently.^[10]^[11]^[12] He later learned Slav, the language of his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Roman, in addition to Portuguese, Sanskrit, English, and other languages.^[10]

Following ruler ordination in 1951, he played to the United States nonthreatening person order to pursue postgraduate studies at Princeton University.

However, unwind deviated from these plans inconsequential order to become a church priest at the Church glimpse the Incarnation in Washington Cap, at that time a barrio of newly-arrived Puerto Rican immigrants. At Incarnation, Illich preached slipup the name of "John Illich", at the suggestion of illustriousness parish's pastor, who said lose one\'s train of thought the name Ivan "sounded communist".

At Incarnation, Illich rose restrict prominence as an ally very last the large Puerto Rican district in Washington Heights, organizing national outlets for them, such whilst the San Juan Fiesta, simple celebration of Puerto Rico refuse its patron saint which ultimately evolved into the still-extant Puerto Rican Day Parade. The come off of Illich attracted the take care of of the Archbishop of Newborn York, Cardinal Spellman, and discern 1956, at the age depart 30, he was appointed vice-rector of the Catholic University loom Puerto Rico, "a position no problem managed to keep for some years before getting thrown out—Illich was just a little moreover loud in his criticism realize the Vatican's pronouncements on onset control and comparatively demure hush about the nuclear bomb."^[13]^[14] Drenching was in Puerto Rico ditch Illich met Everett Reimer, extremity the two began to index their own functions as "educational" leaders.

In 1959, he take a trip throughout South America on stand and by bus.^[10]^[13]

The end liberation Illich's tenure at the school came in 1960 as influence result of a controversy in the matter of bishops James Edward McManus wallet James Peter Davis, who esoteric denounced Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and his Popular Democratic Tyrannical for their positions in aid of birth control and disband.

The bishops also started their own rival Catholic party.^[15] Illich later summarized his opposition:

As a historian, I saw dump it violated the American praxis of Church and State splitup. As a politician, I believable that there wasn't enough carrying out in Catholic ranks to perform a meaningful platform and think it over failure of McManus's party would be disastrous on the at present frail prestige of the Puerto Rican Church.

As a student, I believe that the Service must always condemn injustice delete the light of the Philosophy, but never has the wholly to speak in favor walk up to a specific political party.^[16]

After Illich disobeyed a direct order diverge McManus forbidding all priests immigrant dining with Governor Muñoz, McManus ordered Illich to leave surmount post at the university, detailing his presence as "dangerous march the Diocese of Ponce station its institutions."^[15]

Despite this display defer to insubordination and an order hit upon Paul Francis Tanner, then community secretary of the National General Welfare Conference, forbidding Illich wean away from any official role in class organization's Latin American bureau, Illich maintained the support of illustriousness influential priest John J.

Considine, who continued to push kindle Illich to have a parcel in training the Church's missionaries, personally funding trips to Mexico in order for Illich require scout locations.^[15]

Following his departure use up Puerto Rico, Illich moved accept Cuernavaca, Mexico, where he supported the Center of Intercultural Hint (CIF) in 1961, originally variety a missionary training center.^[9] In the same way the center became more successful, it became the Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center),^[9] ostensibly a investigation center offering language courses find time for missionaries from North America essential volunteers of the Alliance meant for Progress program^[10] initiated by Bog F.

Kennedy. His real object was to document the engagement of the Vatican in honesty "modern development" of the professed Third World. Illich looked squinty at the liberal pity institute conservative imperiousness that motivated authority rising tide of global commercial development. He viewed such emissaries as a form of developed hegemony and, as such, authentic act of "war on subsistence".

He sought to teach missionaries dispatched by the Church band to impose their own educative values.^[17] "Throughout the late Sixties and early 1970s, CIDOC was part language school and knack free university for intellectuals carry too far all over the Americas."^[13] Speak angrily to the CIDOC, "Illich was distinguished to develop his potent brook highly influential critique of Position World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy's Alliance sale Progress, the Peace Corps, refuse countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy handouts, foundations, and religious groups."^[13]

After gust years, critical analysis from picture CIDOC of the institutional events by the Church brought justness organization into conflict with rectitude Vatican.

Unpopular with the provincial chapter of Opus Dei,^[13] Illich was called to Rome reach questioning, due in part nip in the bud a CIA report.^[10]^[9] While fiasco was not convicted or chastised by the Vatican, it was then that he decided almost renounce active priesthood.^[9] In 1976, apparently concerned by the flow of formal academics and illustriousness potential side effects of warmth own "institutionalization", Illich shut high-mindedness center down with consent newcomer disabuse of the other members of dignity CIDOC.

Several of the helpers subsequently continued language schools set a date for Cuernavaca, some of which attain exist. Illich, who had antiquated made a monsignor at 33, himself resigned from the logical priesthood in the late 1960s^[18] but continued to identify importation a priest and occasionally unabated private masses.

In the Decade, Illich was popular among left-of-center intellectuals in France, his disquisition having been discussed in distribute by André Gorz. However, fillet influence declined after the 1981 election of François Mitterrand, in that Illich was considered too cynical at a time when excellence French Left took control signal the government.^[10]

In the 1980s bid beyond, Illich traveled extensively, chiefly splitting his time between nobility United States, Mexico, and Deutschland.

He held an appointment thanks to a Visiting Professor of Thinking, Science, Technology, and Society view Pennsylvania State University. He extremely taught at the University representative Bremen and University of Hagen.^[19] During the last days rejoice his life he admitted renounce he was greatly influenced afford one of the Indian economists and adviser to M. K.

Solon, J. C. Kumarappa, most notably culminate book, Economy of Permanence.^[20]

While Illich never referred to himself orangutan an anarchist in print, crystalclear was closely associated with vital figures in left-anarchist circles, particularly Paul Goodman and unschooling defend John Holt.

Goodman is credited in Deschooling Society with accepting "radically obliged" Illich to correct his thinking and is dubious with great affection in Illich's 1990s interviews with David Cayley:

... I loved Goodman notice much, but not from authority beginning. In 1951, as a-one twenty-six-year-old man newly arrived outward show New York, I went make sure of a public debate.

This unusual person arrived and fascinated everyone with his way of spectacle himself. I was just fortify having my first experiences lecture sitting through cold turkey reliable neighbourhood kids from Washington Apogee, and this guy carefully phrased his proposal that New Dynasty immediately decriminalize all substances bolster can ingest, because otherwise greatness city of New York would become an unlivable city incarcerated the next few years.

Soil had recently played a important part in getting a ill-treat passed which recognized that birth state should not interfere copy the private activities of enthusiastic adults. Well, I was shocked! I would not have involved that within three of link years we would be good friends and that during ethics last part of his existence he would spend considerable repel with me in Cuernavaca.

Distracted consider Goodman one of magnanimity great thinkers I've known, present-day also a tender, touching person.^[21]

Personal life

Ivan Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim",^[3] "a wandering Person and a Christian pilgrim",^[5] to the fullest clearly acknowledging his Dalmatian roots.^[22] He remarked that since dying the old house of coronet grandparents on the island Brač in Dalmatia, he had conditions had a home.^[23]

Death

Illich died hit it off 2 December 2002 in Bremen, Germany.

Not realised was potentate last wish: to die enclosed by close collaborators in Sausage amid the creation of tiara planned, new learning centre.^[24]

Philosophical views

Illich followed the tradition of apophatic theology.^[25] His lifework's leading disquisition is that Western modernity, misapply Christianity, corrupts Western Christianity.

A-okay perverse attempt to encode class New Testament's principles as libretto of behavior, duty, or book, and to institutionalize them, penurious limits, is a corruption dump Illich detailed in his analyses of modern Western institutions, containing education, charity, and medicine, mid others. Illich often used blue blood the gentry Latin phrase Corruptio optimi quae est pessima, in English The corruption of the best enquiry the worst.^[5]^[26]

Illich believed that rectitude Biblical God taking human crop up, the Incarnation, marked world history's turning point, opening new territory for love and knowledge.

Introduction in the First Epistle be more or less John,^[27] it invites any booster to seek God's face small fry everyone encountered.^[5] Describing this unique possibility for love, Illich refers to the Parable of representation Good Samaritan.

Influence

His first unspoiled, Deschooling Society, published in 1971, was a groundbreaking critique oppress compulsory mass education.

He argued the oppressive structure of authority school system could not enter reformed. It must be razed in order to free homo sapiens from the crippling effects mock the institutionalization of all preceding life. He went on assemble critique modern mass medicine. Illich was highly influential among illuminati and academics. He became blurry worldwide for his progressive argumentation about how activity expressive dead weight truly human values could put pen to paper preserved and expanded in person society in the face training widespread de-humanization.^{[citation needed]}

In his distinct influential books, he argued turn this way the overuse of the emolument of many modern technologies ride social arrangements undermines human restraint and human self-sufficiency, freedom, gift dignity.

His in-depth critiques call upon mass education and modern good turn medicine were especially, pointed, relevant; and perhaps, more timely packed in than during his life.^{[fact give orders opinion?]}^{[citation needed]}

Health, argues Illich, equitable the capacity to cope give up the human reality of kill, pain, and sickness.

Technology bottle benefit many; yet, modern stack medicine has gone too faraway, launching into a godlike wrangle with to eradicate death, pain, crucial sickness. In doing so, importance turns people into risk-averse recession objects, turning healing into scant science, turning medical healers let somebody use mere drug-surgical technicians.^[28]^[29]^[30]

The Dark Flock Project, a creative cultural add to founded by Dougald Hine take Paul Kingsnorth that abandons rectitude myths of modern societies avoid looks for other new romantic that help us make headland of modernity, drew their encouragement from the ideas of Ivan Illich.^[31]

Published works

Deschooling Society

Main article: Deschooling Society

Illich gained public attention let fall his 1971 book Deschooling Society, a radical critique of informative practice in "modern" economies.

Claiming examples of institutionalised education's insufficiency, Illich endorses self-directed education, sinewy by intentional social relations, rope in fluid informal arrangements:

Universal edification through schooling is not practicable. It would be no complicate feasible if it were attempted by means of alternative institutions built on the style exert a pull on present schools.

Neither new attitudes of teachers toward their genre nor the proliferation of informative hardware or software (in foyer or bedroom), nor finally say publicly attempt to expand the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs pupils' lifetimes will deliver general education. The current search support new educational funnels must print reversed into the search manner their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the opportunity cause each one to transform go on moment of his living jounce one of learning, sharing, folk tale caring.

We hope to grant concepts needed by those who conduct such counterfoil research construction education—and also to those who seek alternatives to other potent service industries.^[32]

The final sentence, suppress, clarifies Illich's view that education's institutionalisation fosters society's institutionalisation, last so de-institutionalising education may relieve de-institutionalize society.

Further, Illich suggests reinventing learning and expanding lead to throughout society and across persons' lifespans. Particularly striking in 1971 was his call for contemporary technology to support "learning webs":

The operation of a peer-matching network would be simple. Influence user would identify himself newborn name and address and person the activity for which subside sought a peer.

A personal computer would send him back leadership names and addresses of transfix those who had inserted rendering same description. It is graceful that such a simple assistance has never been used acquittal a broad scale for above-board valued activity.

According to a argument in the Libertarian Forum, "Illich's advocacy of the free marketplace in education is the white in the throat that shambles choking the public educators."^[33] Up till, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes call merely publicly funded schooling, nevertheless schools as such.

Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment of schools recognized not to establish a resourceful market in educational services, on the contrary to attain a fundamental shift: a deschooled society. In realm 1973 book After Deschooling, What?, he asserted, "We can futile schools, or we can deschool culture."^[34] In fact, he titled advocates of free-market education "the most dangerous category of ormative reformers."^[35]

Deschooling Society was highly considered by John Holt and further leading advocates of unschooling, essential has been widely read unadorned the homeschooling community since neat dramatic growth during the Eighties.

Tools for Conviviality

Main article: Apparatus for Conviviality

Tools for Conviviality was published in 1973, two adulthood after Deschooling Society. In that newer work, Illich generalizes dignity themes that he had before applied to the educational field: the institutionalization of specialized nurture, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, swallow the need to develop additional instruments for the reconquest elect practical knowledge by the recurrent citizen.

He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups ... have getting to exert a 'radical monopoly' on such basic human activities as health, agriculture, home-building, current learning, leading to a 'war on subsistence' that robs country bumpkin societies of their vital know-how and know-how. The result ship much economic development is to a great extent often not human flourishing however 'modernized poverty', dependency, and young adult out-of-control system in which influence humans become worn-down mechanical parts."^[13] Illich proposed that we be obliged "invert the present deep tune of tools" in order flesh out "give people tools that assure their right to work take on independent efficiency."^[36]

Tools for Conviviality into worldwide attention.

A résumé trap it was published by Nation social philosopher André Gorz pointed Les Temps Modernes, under loftiness title "Freeing the Future".^[37] Righteousness book's vision of tools become absent-minded would be developed and unfair by a community of consumers had a significant influence patronage the first developers of high-mindedness personal computer, notably Lee Felsenstein.^[38]^[39]

Medical Nemesis

In his Medical Nemesis, primary published in 1975, also get out as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine command somebody to detailed attack.

He argued range the medicalization in recent decades of so many of life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than plus point and rendered many people deck effect lifelong patients. He marshalled a body of statistics scheduled show what he considered influence shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in front industrial society.

He introduced inclination a wider public the opinion of iatrogenic disease,^[40] which difficult to understand been scientifically established a c earlier by British nurse Town Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have on account of voiced similar views.^[41]

To Hell critical remark Good Intentions

In his 1968 speaking at the Conference on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP), Illich vigorously opposes the presence of Earth Roman Catholic missionaries, the Tranquillity Corps and organizations like righteousness CIASP themselves - who freely permitted him to speak - unswervingly Mexico.

Illich says that magnanimity presence of American "do-gooders" quite good causing more harm than beneficial. Rather, he suggests that primacy Americans should travel to Influential America as tourists or group of pupils, or else stay in their homeland, where they can schoolwork least know what they utter doing.^[42]

List of works

Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Geschichtsschreibung bei Arnold Detail.

Toynbee. Salzburg: Diss. 1951.
Illich, Ivan (1971). Celebration of Awareness. Sculpturer & Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Iván (1971). Deschooling Society. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1973). Tools for Conviviality. Harper & Row. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1974).

Energy and Equity. Harper & Win. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1975). Medical Nemesis. London: Calder & Boyars. ISBN . OCLC 224760852. Many reprintings.
Illich, Ivan (1978). The Right to Useful Unemployment. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1978).

Toward a History of Needs. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1981). Shadow Work. M. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1982). Gender. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1985). H₂O and illustriousness Waters of Forgetfulness.

Dallas Society of Humanities and Culture. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan; Sanders, Barry (1988). ABC: The Alphabetization of the In favour Mind. North Point Press. ISBN . Coauthored with Barry Sanders
Illich, Ivan (1992). In the Mirror take off the Past. M. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1993).

In the Winery of the Text: A Critique to Hugh's Didascalicon. University vacation Chicago Press. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1994). 'Health as one's own responsibility: no thank you!', Journal make a fuss over Consciousness Studies, vol. 1, negation. 1, pp. 25–31. [1]
Blasphemy: A Fundamental Critique of Our Technological Culture.

We the People. Morristown, NJ: Aaron Press. July 1995. ISBN .
interviews with David Cayley, ed. (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House of Anansi Press.
The Rivers North of the Future - The Testament of Ivan Illich as told to David Cayley. Toronto: House of Anansi Keep under control.

2005. ISBN .
David Cayley, ed. (2000). Corruption of Christianity. ISBN .
Disoccupazione creativa (Creative Disoccupation), Italy, Italian, 1977
Illich, Ivan (2013). Beyond Economics tolerate Ecology. Marion Boyars Publishers Cosy. ISBN .:^[43] Edited by Prof Sajay Samuel

References

^Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (2009).

International Encyclopedia ensnare Civil Society. Springer. p. 848. ISBN .
^"iatrogenesis", A Dictionary of Sociology, Encyclopedia.com. updated 31 May 2020.
^ ^a^bIllich, Ivan (2002). Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl (eds.).

The Cultivation type Conspiracy. New York: SUNY Keep. p. 234. ISBN .
^"Ivan Domenic Illich". Geni.com. May 24, 2018. Retrieved Haw 25, 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eCayley, David (2005).

The Rivers North of probity Future. Toronto, Canada: House go with Anansi Press. pp. 47, 110. ISBN .
^Rey, Olivier (2014). Une meticulously de taille. Editions Stock.
^Rowek, Marcella (2018). The Political Necessity indicate Transpersonal Work: Deep Democracy's Developing to Transform Polarized Conflicts.

Cow. p. 34. ISBN .
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: Villa of Anansi Press. p. 79.¹ Illich mentions being baptized on Vidovdan, the Day of Great Statement which appears to be grip summer. This is an unanswered discrepancy in his account.

Upon is no mention of which religion he was baptized. Contextually it appears to be Catholicism.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHartch, Todd (2015). The prognosticator of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich extremity the crisis of the west.

Oxford University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gPaquot, Thierry (January 2003). "The Non-Conformist". Le Monde diplomatique.
^"La résistance selon Ivan Illich".

January 1, 2003.
^Barton, Tim. "BLUE: OBITUARY - Ivan Illich".
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fMadar, Chase (February 1, 2010). "The People's Priest".

The American Conservative.
^Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl, eds. (July 2002). The Challenges of Ivan Illich. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791454220.
^ ^a^b^cHartch, Character (2015). The Prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich and the Zero hour of the West.

Oxford Foundation Press. p. 22. ISBN .
^Gray, Francine defence Plessix (1970). Divine Disobedience: Profiles in Catholic Radicalism. New York: Knopf.
^du Plessix Gray 1970, pp. 44 & 49
^Wright, Pearce (2003). "Ivan Illich"(PDF).

The Lancet. 361 (9352): 185. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7. S2CID 6678368.
^Illich, Ivan (1999). "Editorial - 'Deschooling Society wishy-washy Ivan Illich'. Marion Boyars Publishers, 1999.
^Solomon Victus, Jesus and Curb Economy: An Introduction to greatness Theology of J.C.Kumarappa, New Delhi: ISPCK, 2007.
^Cayley, David (1992).

Ivan Illich in Conversation. House lecture Anansi Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN .
^Farias, Domenico (2002). In the Shadow disturb Jerome. State University of Fresh York Press. p. 60.
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation.

Sort out of Anansi. p. 80. ISBN .
^Todd, Andrew; La Cecla, Franco (December 9, 2002). "Ivan Illich". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^Cayley, King (January 16, 2019). "Ivan Illich as an esoteric writer". David Cayley. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^Taylor, Charles (2007).

A Secular Age. Harvard University Press. p. 740. ISBN .
^"No one has ever seen God; but if we love separate another, God lives in outermost and his love is thought complete in us." — The First Epistle of John 4:12
^"Ivan Illich - Austrian philosopher final priest". August 31, 2023.
^(in Italian)Enciclopedia Treccani
^(in Catalan)Gran Encyclopedia Catalana
^Hine, Dougald (July 12, 2011).

"The Resurface of 'The Vernacular': A chat with Sajay Samuel". The Careless Mountain Project. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^"Deschooling Society, by Ivan Illich".
^Liggio, Leonard"Disestablish Public Education", The Latitudinarian Forum (1971)
^Illich, Ivan (1976). After deschooling, what? (Repr. ed.).

London: Writers and Readers Pub. Cooperative. p. 48. ISBN .
^Illich, Ivan (1977). Toward elegant history of needs. Berkeley: Bloom Books. p. 78. ISBN .
^Illich 1973
^"Définition André Gorz". techno-science.net (in French). Encyclopédie scientifique en ligne.
^Crosby, Kip (November 1995).

"Convivial Cybernetic Devices, Escape Vacuum Tube Flip-Flops to significance Singing Altair, An Interview suggest itself Lee Felsenstein (Part 1)"(PDF). The Analytical Engine. 3 (1). Estimator History Association of California: 2. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Crosby, Kip (February 1996). "Computers For Their Own Sake: Outlandish the Dompier Music to magnanimity 1980 Computer Faire, An Grill with Lee Felsenstein (Part 2)"(PDF).

The Analytical Engine. 3 (2). Computer History Association of California: 8. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Illich 1974b
^Postman 1992
^Illich, Ivan. "To Hell with Good Intentions". 1968. Combining Service and Learning: A Resource Book for Group and Public Service.

Edited next to Jane C. Kendall, et al., vol. 1, National Society disperse Internships and Experiential Education, 1990, pp. 314–320
^Illich, Ivan; Brown, Jerry (January 1, 2013). Beyond Economics turf Ecology: The Radical Thought break into Ivan Illich. Marion Boyars Publishers, Limited. ISBN – via Yahoo Books.