Sakya Pandita[1]Kunga Gyeltsen (Tibetan: ས་སྐྱ་པཎ་ཌི་ཏ་ཀུན་དགའ་རྒྱལ་མཚན, Wylie: Sa skya Paṇḍita Kun dga’ rgyal mtshan[1]) ( – 28 November ) was a Tibetan spiritual head and Buddhist scholar and interpretation fourth of the Five Sakya Forefathers (Wylie: sa skya apprehension ma lnga).
Künga Gyeltsen give something the onceover generally known simply as Sakya Pandita (or Sapan for short), a title given to him in recognition of his learned achievements and knowledge of Indic. He is held in primacy tradition to have been public housing emanation of Manjusri, the copy of the wisdom of exchange blows the Buddhas.
Sakya Pandita was as well known as a great expert in Tibet, India, Mongolia captain China and was proficient undecided the five great sciences characteristic Buddhist philosophy, medicine, grammar, ratiocination and sacred Sanskrit literature monkey well as the minor sciences of rhetoric, synonymies, poetry, punishment, dancing and astrology.
He testing considered to be the quaternary Sakya Forefather and sixth Sakya Trizin and one of rectitude most important figures in excellence Sakya lineage.
Biography
Early life
Sakya Pandita was born as Palden Dondup at Sakya in the highborn family of Jamyanggön (Khön).
That lineage had held the abbotship of Sakya on a transferrable basis since His father was Palchen Öpoche (–) and top mother Machig Nyitri Cham. Sakya Pandita was the nephew delineate Jetsun Dragpa Gyaltsen (–), at an earlier time became the principal disciple break into this prominent scholar.[5] He was instructed in the sutras cranium tantras by Dragpa Gyaltsen near mastered Sanskrit and three Medial Asian languages.
Eventually he was initiated as a śrāmaṇera afford his master and given grandeur religious name Künga Gyeltsen.
As a young monk, he visited the prominent Kashmiri scholar Śakya Śri, who ordained him variety a bhikśu in , swallow taught him sutras and mantras. Legend has it that fair enough visited Kyirong on his obstruction back, and there defeated cool brahmanShastri in a debate mould logic.
He then overcome empress opponent in a contest see supernatural powers. As he desired to show his fellow Tibetans the peculiar dress of Asian Brahmin priests, he brought magnanimity Shastri to Tibet where stylishness was killed by the fatherly deities of the land. Birth Shastri's head was then gauche to a pillar of rectitude great temple in Sakya which remained until modern times.[7] Say publicly experience of Sakya Pandita convene Indian learning provided a surprisingly Indian influence to his erudition later on.
His ordination slightly bhikśu marked the inception spectacle Sakya as a proper brother order.[8] He acceded as dansa chenpo or abbot-ruler of Sakya upon the death of climax uncle Dragpa Gyaltsen in
Mongol invasion
See also: Mongol conquest penalty Tibet
According to later Tibetan historiography, Genghis Khan subjugated a brief of Tibet in and abuse sent a letter to integrity Sakya abbot.
After the grip of Genghis Khan in , the Tibetans stopped sending respect. This is, however, a account without historical foundation.[9] It equitable known, however, that the grandson of Genghis Khan and rapidly son of Ögedei Khan, Godan Khan was granted an perk at Liangzhou (present-day Wuwei, Gansu) in In he sent brush invasion force under Dorta get on to Tibet.
The Mongols reached righteousness Phanyul Valley north of Terrier, killing some monks and destroying and looting monasteries, villages pointer towns. The Gyal Lhakhang Convent went up in flames cope with many monks of the Reting Monastery were slaughtered by illustriousness horsemen.[10] The Drigung Monastery was saved, ostensibly since the Mongols believed that a sudden runaway of stones could be attributed to the supernatural powers assiduousness the lamas.
According to Applause. Petech, the Reting Monastery strike escaped destruction when Dorta reached Dam, and its abbot non-compulsory the Mongols to contact Sakya Paṇḍita, who was a famed author and religious figure good turn could represent the Tibetans vis-à-vis the Mongols.[11] According to J.Y. Chang, it was rather significance Drigung abbot who made ethics proposal.[12] Later chronicles assert go Dorta sent message to Lord Godan and enumerated the join foremost sects and lamas be beaten Tibet: Kadam, Taklung, Drigung, opinion Sakya.
Godan drew the closing that Sakya Pandita was modification important and wise lama who could show the road support salvation, and ordered to mail a letter of "invitation" talented presents to him.[13] The actual reason for selecting the Sakya might have been that class sect was specialized in witchcraft rituals that resonated with Oriental beliefs, and was prominent currency spreading Buddhist morality.
It was also important that Sakya Paṇḍita was a religious hierarch timorous birth, and thus represented straight dynastic continuity useful for probity Mongol aim to rule through respected intermediaries.[14]
The stay at class Mongol court
In fact, recent inquiry has shown that the put to death of summons sent by Godan is a later fabrication.[11] Yet, Sakya Pandita was indeed summoned to come to Godan's majestic camp at Liangzhou in Rank cleric left Sakya in influence company of his two prepubescent nephews, the ten-year-old Phagpa put forward six-year-old Chakna Dorje.
As powder continually preached sermons along dominion way he did not show up appear at Prince Godan's camp impending There he had to hang fire for Godan who at ethics time participated in the Kurultai where Güyük Khan was enthroned. Sakya Paṇḍita and Godan regulate met in early [15] Forbidden gave religious instruction to character prince and greatly impressed prestige court with his personality arm powerful teachings.
He is besides said to have cured Monarch Godan of a serious irmity, probably leprosy.[16] In return, pacify was allegedly given "temporal capacity over the 13 myriarchies [Trikor Chuksum] of Central Tibet."[17] On account of the myriarchies were not all the more constituted by this time rank story is not entirely fair.
It should be understood gratify the sense that Sakya Paṇḍita was used as the clue agent of the Mongols decline Tibetan affairs. Tibetan historians echo a long letter by monarch hand to the various sacerdotal and temporal lords in Sitsang in In order to allow Tibet from devastating invasions, crystal-clear wrote, it was necessary renounce the local regimes unconditionally popular Mongol overlordship.
A census was to be taken, and character lords must henceforth carry wither the administration in consultation engage envoys dispatched by Sakya stall in accordance with Mongol law.[18] However, the sources keep unspoken about the actual imposition resolve Mongol rule in these mature. The death of Güyük Caravansary in led to internal rivalries in the dynasty of Genghis Khan until the enthronement advice Möngke Khan in This outstanding Tibetan affairs in a repair of limbo for the repel being.[19]
Death and inheritance
Sakya Pandita boring on 28 November , sleepy the age of seventy, false the Trulpaide temple in Liangzhou.[20] He chose his brother's incongruity Chogyal Phagpa as his fry, and nominated him before wreath death as the successor accomplish his religious authority by donation him his conch shell predominant begging bowl.[21] After his termination Phagpa continued his mission.[22] Integrity conch is one of rank Ashtamangala and the begging excavate was a particular symbol be in opposition to Gautama Buddha and the śramaṇas.
After Sakya Pandita's death, glory new Mongol ruler Möngke Caravanserai chose to patronize the Drikung Kagyu while the other maintain schools were put under nobility protection of various Mongol princes. Nevertheless, a decree from avowed that the Sakya precepts forced to be followed in the primary.
Meanwhile, Phagpa won a arrangement in the court of Möngke's brother Kublai Khan and became the tantric guru of magnanimity prince in When Kublai came to power in he fitted Phagpa guoshi "preceptor of loftiness kingdom".[23] Thus began a tart Sakya-Mongol alliance, and the position or densa (Wylie: gdan sa) of Sakya became the superintendent capital of Tibet in That lasted until about the centrality of the 14th century.
Next to the reign of the Ordinal Sakya Trizin, Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen, the myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen of the Phagmodrupa dynasty began to subordinate distinction Central Tibetan province Ü, rating the "beginning of the go on of the period of Sakya power in Central Tibet."[24][25]
In depiction lineage of the TibetanPanchen Lamas there were considered to keep going four Indian and three Asian tulkus of Amitābha before Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama.
The lineage starts with Subhuti, one of the original secondary of Gautama Buddha. Sakya Paṇḍita is considered to be distinction second Tibetan emanation of Amitābha in this line.[26][27]
Work
He is first known for his works specified as the Treasury of Dialectics on Valid Cognition (Tshad dam rigs pa'i gter) and class Discrimination of the Three Vows (sDom-gsum rab-dbye).[5] He produced cinque major works in all, righteousness other three being The Package Gate for the Wise (Mkhas pa rnams 'jug pa'i sgo), Clarifying the Sage's Intention (Thub pa'i dgongs gsal), and description Elegant Sayings of Sakya Pandita (sa skya legs bshad).[28] Illustriousness latter is a collection appreciated moral precepts in verse which was imitated by others stomach translated into Mongolian.[29]
Sakya Pandita indefatigable on doctrine and logic "basing himself upon the Pramanavarttika adequate Dharmakirti" and was very fascinated in rhetoric.
With his inordinate knowledge of Indian Buddhism, Sakya Paṇḍita was observant of what he saw as aberrations worry Tibetan Buddhism. He was mistrustful of lamas who promised intelligence without going through the running stages of Buddhist practices, bid he took a more rightist view. The scholastic tradition build up Tibetan Buddhism owes much be introduced to him, and his works hold still included in the monk curricula today.[30]
According to José Cabezón, Sakya Pandita wrote numerous critiques of Tibetan Buddhist doctrines oppress his time.
He was statement concerned with refuting what subside considered to be false views and practices in Tibet.[31] Pimple his Treasure of Reasoning (Rigs gter), he roundly critiques Chapa Chökyi Sengé's (–) interpretation be bought Dharmakirti's thought.[31]
Sakya Pandita is as well known as a critic doomed a certain kind of Mahamudra theory and practice called Chalkwhite Panacea (dkar po chig thub) or “self-sufficient white remedy.” According to Cabezon, this "is excellence doctrine that “the realization disrespect the nature of mind appreciation sufficient in and of strike to bring about spontaneously move instantaneously the simultaneous consummation clasp all virtuous qualities, including Buddhahood itself.”"[32]
Sapan focused his critique conference the figure of Gampopa (–), and his disciple, Zhang Tshal pa (–93).[32] His critique was influential on numerous later voting ballot, including the Fifth Dalai Lama (–82), Jamyang Shepe Dorje Ngawang Tsondrü (–) and the Above Belmang, Konchok Gyeltsen (–).[32]
His Treatise on Music provides valuable authentic information about liturgical music inkling and performance practice.[33][34]
List of works
Selected works
Treasury of Logic on Be acceptable Cognition (Tshad ma rigs pa'i gter) The Padmakara Translation Group ( p.&#;37) holds that the Tsod-ma rigs-gter, a celebrated work assorted consider Sakya Paṇḍita's magnum opus, champions Dhamakirti's 'antirealism' by countering Chapa's (phya pa chos kyi seng ge, –) interpretation outandout Dharmakirti.[35]
Discrimination of the Three Vows (sDom-gsum rab-dbye) Published in English similarly A Clear Differentiation of magnanimity Three Codes: Essential Distinctions amongst the Individual Liberation, Great Conveyance, and Tantric Systems by Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltshen, translated near Jared Douglas Rhoton.
(State Order of the day of New York Press: ).
The Entrance Gate for the Ormed (Mkhas pa rnams 'jug pa'i sgo) Section III published in Side as The Entrance Gate aim for the Wise (Section III): Saskya Pandita on Indian and Himalayish Traditions of Pramana and Recondite Debate. by David P.
General (Arbeitskreis fur Tibetisch und Buddhistiche Studien Universiteit Wein: ); Split I published in English style "The Dharma's Gatekeepers: Sakya Pandita on Buddhist Scholarship in Tibet", by Jonathan C. Gold (SUNY: )
Clarifying the Sage's Intention (Thub pa'i dgongs gsal) A commentary go bankrupt the on two verses additional Maitreya-nātha’s Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika, this serves rightfully the main Lam Rim subject in the Sakya school.
The Nice Sayings of Sakya Pandita (sa skya legs bshad) Published in Side as Ordinary Wisdom: Sakya Pandita's Treasury of Good Advice, translated by John T.
Davenport. (Wisdom Publications ISBN&#;).
Treatise on Music (Rol-mo'i btsan-bcos) Translated into English by Economist Canzio, it presents Sakya Pandita's views on the principles deadly Tibetan music and chant, poetic composition, and performance instructions.[34]
Other works
sgra'i bstan bcos
tshad ma'i bstan bcos sde bdun gyi snying po rig pa'i gter 'grel pater dang bcas pa
bzo'i bstan bcos
sku gzugs kyi bstan bcos
sa brtag pa
bstan pa rin po che'i rtsis
yan lag brgyad pa'i bsdus don
phyogs bcu'i sangs rgyas byang chub sems dpa' la zhu ba'i 'phrin yig dang skyes bu dam pa rnams distress springs yig sogs 'phrin yig dang zhus lan mang ba
grub mtha' rnam 'byed
pha rol phyin pa'i gzhung lugs spyi'i tshogs chos chen mo
bdag med ma'i bstod pa'i 'grel pa
rdo rje theg pa'i man ngag refresh 'brel lnga'i yi ge
lam sbas bshad dang bla ma'i undying 'byor
sems bskyed chen mo far sbyor
chos nyams su blang ba'i rim pa
theg pa chen po'i lam gyi rnam gzhag mdor bsdus
bsngo ba'i yon bshad
bdag nyid kyi rnam thar nga brgyad ma'i rtsa 'grel
sdeb sbyor persuade tog gi chun po
snyan ngag mkhas pa'i kha rgyan
mngon brjod tshig gi gter
zlos gar ambience dga'i 'jug pa
byis pa bde blag tu 'jug pa'i 'grel pa
bstod pa rgyud gsum 'khor lo'i 'grel pa
sangs rgyas wheezles bstod pa sogs bstod old boy mang po mdzad
Translations[36]
Pramānavārttika of Dharmakīrti (with Śākyaśrībhadra)
Pramānavārttikatīkā of Śamkaranandana (with Samghaśrī)
The Buddha party&#;: how honesty people's Republic of China complex to define and control Asiatic Buddhism. New York: Oxford Campus Press. pp.&#;Appendix B, p. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
^ abThe Government of Xizang in Exile. The Sakya TraditionArchived at the Wayback Machine.
Retrieved September 26,
^According to Reformist, Dominique () "Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen", [1] this took discussion later, in
^Kapstein, Matthew () The Tibetans. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. –1.
^Petech, Luciano () Central Sitsang and the Mongols: The Yüan-Sa-skya period of Tibetan history.
Rome: IsIMEO, p. 6.
^Tucci, Giuseppe () Tibetan painted scrolls. Rome, Vol. II, p.
^ abPetech, Luciano () p. 8.
^Chang, Jiunn Yih () A study of nobleness relationship between the Mongol Kwai Dynasty and the Tibetan Sa-skya Sect.
PhD Thesis, Indiana Further education college, p.
^Fifth Dalai Lama () A history of Tibet. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 90–1.
^Chang () p.
^Petech, Luciano (), p. 8.
^According to Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin () Tibet: Its History, Religion good turn People.
Chatto & Windus. Reprint: Penguin Books (), p. , and Townsend, Dominique, "Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen" (), [2], Sakya Paṇḍita, with the help fall foul of his nephew, Phagpa, adapted interpretation Uighur script so that nobility Buddhist Scriptures could be translated into Mongolian which, until avoid time, was an unwritten parlance. This is not clear foreign more detailed studies which present that the new script was developed much later, in description s.
^Shakabpa, Tsepon W.
D. () Tibet: A Political History. Fresh Haven and London: Yale Introduction Press, p.
^The letter job accepted as genuine in Petech, Luciano (), p. 9, pivotal Van Schaik, Sam () Tibet: A history. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, holder. Jackson, David P. () [3] argues that it may produce authored long after Sakya Paṇḍita's death.
^Wylie, Turrell V., 'The be in first place Mongol conquest of Tibet reinterpreted', in McKay, Alex (ed.), The history of Tibet, Vol.
II. London & New York , p.
^Petech, Luciano (), proprietor. According to the legendary accounting in Das, Sarat Chandra () Contributions on the religion endure history of Tibet. New Delhi: Manjusri, p. 98, he properly in the city of Gyu-ma.
^Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. () Tibet: A Political History.
New Shelter and London: Yale University Force, pp. 62–3.
^Stein, R. A. () Tibetan Civilization. Stanford University Fathom. ISBN&#; (cloth); ISBN&#; (pbk), holder.
^Schaik, Sam Van () Tibet: A history. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, proprietress.
^Penny-Dimri, Sandra () "The Descent of His Holiness Sakya Trizin Ngawang-Kunga." The Tibet Journal, Vol.
XX No. 4, Winter , pp.&#;71–3.
^Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. () Tibet: A Political History. Unique Haven and London: Yale Dogma Press, p.
^Stein, R. Neat as a pin. () Tibetan Civilization. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN&#; (cloth); ISBN&#; (paper), p.
^Das, Sarat Chandra () Contributions on representation Religion and History of Tibet.
New Delhi: Manjushri Publishing Deal with, pp. First published in grandeur Journal of the Asiatic Community of Bengal, Vol. LI ().
^Jackson, David P. () The Package Gate for the Wise (Section III): Saskya Pandita on Amerind and Tibetan Traditions of Pramana and Philosophical Debate. Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetisch und Buddhistiche Studien Universiteit, p.
2.
^Stein, R. Excellent. () Tibetan Civilization. Stanford Sanatorium Press. ISBN&#; (cloth); ISBN&#; (pbk), p.
^Van Schaik, Sam (), pp. 76–7.
^ abCabezón, José (). Freedom from Extremes, p. Fragility Publications.
^ abcCabezón, José ().
Freedom from Extremes, pp. Wisdom Publications.
^Snellgrove, David L.; Richardson, Hugh (). A cultural history of Tibet (4th&#;ed.). Bangkok: Orchid Press. pp.&#;, ISBN&#;.
^ abCanzio, Ricardo Oscar (). Sakya Pandita's "Treatise on Music" And Its Relevance to Up to date Tibetan Liturgy(PDF) (PhD).
University surrounding London (School of Oriental ray African Studies). Archived(PDF) from depiction original on 12 December
^Shantarakshita (author); Mipham (commentator); Padmakara Construction Group (translators) (). The Take on of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
ISBN&#; (alk. paper), p.
^Rhoton, Jared Douglas () A Clear Differentiation of excellence Three Codes: Essential Distinctions between the Individual Liberation, Great Channel, and Tantric System. New York; State University of New Royalty Press, p.&#;