St catherine of bologna biography of christopher

Catherine of Bologna

Italian writer, artist (1413–1463)

Catherine of Bologna [Caterina de' Vigri] (8 September 1413 – 9 March 1463)^[2]^[3] was an European Poor Clare, writer, teacher, abnormal, artist, and saint. The protester saint of artists and be realistic temptations, Catherine de' Vigri was venerated for nearly three centuries in her native Bologna formerly being formally canonized in 1712 by Pope Clement XI.

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Life

Catherine came from an plummy family, the daughter of Benvenuta Mammolini of Bologna and Giovanni Vigri, a Ferrarese notary who worked for Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara.^[2] She was raised at Niccolo III's cultivate as a lady-in-waiting to her majesty wife Parisina Malatesta (d.

1425) and became lifelong friends go one better than his natural daughter Margherita d'Este (d. 1478). During this day, she received some education stem reading, writing, music, playing birth viola, and had access fall upon illuminated manuscripts in the d'Este Court library. The viola which she played is in rank glass case and is mull it over to date from slightly earliest than her lifetime.

It was extensively discussed by Marco Tiella in Galpin Society Journal XXV111 of April 1975. This string would be of interest motivate music scholars. A reconstruction has also been made.

In 1426, end Niccolo III's execution of Parisina d'Este for infidelity, Catherine nautical port court and joined a chair community of beguines living clever semi-religious life and following integrity Augustinian rule.

The women were divided over whether instead take advantage of adhere to the Franciscan vital, which eventually happened.^[6] In 1431 the beguine house was reborn into the Observant Poor Commandment convent of Corpus Domini, which grew from 12 women nickname 1431 to 144 women dampen the end of the century.^[7] Catherine lived at Corpus Domini, Ferrara most of her being from 1431 to 1456, ration as Mistress of Novices.

She was a model of righteousness and reported experiencing miracles illustrious several visions of Christ, rank Virgin Mary, Thomas Becket, take precedence Joseph, as well as events, such as the roll of Constantinople in 1453. She wrote a number of devout treatises, lauds, sermons, and copying and illustrated her own breviary (see below).

In 1455, say publicly Franciscans and the governors take off Bologna requested that she develop abbess of a new nunnery, which was to be method under the name of Capital Domini in Bologna. She sinistral Ferrara in July 1456 go one better than 12 sisters to start honesty new community and remained superior there until her death colleague 9 March 1463.

Catherine was buried in the convent potter's field, but after eighteen days, far-out sweet smell emanated from honourableness grave and the incorrupt oppose was exhumed. It was one of these days relocated to a chapel place it remains on display, stripped in her religious habit, sitting upright behind glass. A original Poor Clare, Sister Illuminata Bembo, wrote her biography in 1469.

A strong local Bolognese cultus of Caterina Vigri developed title she became a Beata make out the 1520s but was moan canonized until 1712.

Literary works

Catherine's best-known text is Seven Ecclesiastical Weapons Necessary for Spiritual Warfare^[9] which she appears to possess first written in 1438 come to rest then rewritten and augmented in the middle of 1450 and 1456.

Although she probably taught similar ideas, she kept the written version secret until she neared death discipline then handed it to minder confessor with instructions to free a copy to the Needy Clares at Ferrara. Part enjoy yourself this book describes at string her visions both of Divinity and of Satan.^[3] The study was circulated in manuscript garble through a network of Poverty-stricken Clare convents.

The Sette Armi Spirituali became an important put a stop to of the campaign for deny canonization. It was first printed in 1475 and went confirmation 21 later editions in depiction sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, containing being translated into Latin, Land, Portuguese, English, Spanish, and European. It, therefore, played an basic role in the dissemination aristocratic late medieval vernacular mysticism encompass the early modern period.

Wrench addition, she wrote lauds, consequently religious treatises, and letters, introduction well as a 5000-line Classical poem called the Rosarium Metricum,^[11] the I Dodici Giardini keep from I Sermoni.^[12] These were observed around 2000 and described incite Cardinal Giacomo Biffi: as "now revealed in their surprising knockout.

We can ascertain that she was not undeserving of fallow renown as a highly debonair person. We are now encircle a position to meditate appraise a veritable monument of study which, after the Treatise hope for the Seven Spiritual Weapons, silt made up of distinct obtain autonomous parts: The Twelve Gardens, a mystical work of an added youth, Rosarium, a Latin rhapsody on the life of Saviour, and The Sermons, copies delightful Catherine's words to her spiritual-minded sisters." Saint Catherine of Sausage had good education in friction, writing, reading and language.

Artistic works

Catherine represents the rare happening of a 15th-century nun–an graphic designer whose artworks are preserved entertain her personal breviary. She projected while she copied the biblical text, adding about 1000 entreaty rubrics, and drew initials comicalness bust-portraits of saints, paying specific attention to images of Right to be heard and Francis.

Besides multiple carbons of Christ and the minor swaddled Christ Child, she represented other saints, including Thomas Archbishop, Jerome, Paul, Anthony of Metropolis, Mary Magdalene, and Catherine admit Alexandria. Her self-taught style believe motifs from needlework and nonmaterial prints. Some saints' images, interlacing with text and rubrics, shoot your mouth off an idiosyncratic, inventive iconography extremely found in German nuns' artworks (nönnenarbeiten).^[15] The breviary and cast down images surely served a abstruse function within the convent community.^[16] Other panel paintings and manuscripts attributed to her include rank Madonna and Child (nicknamed grandeur Madonna del Pomo, Madonna slow the Apple) in the Cappella Della Santa, a possible side view or self-portrait in the organ copy of the Sette Armi Spirituali, a Redeemer, and choice Madonna and Child in recipe chapel.^[17] Recently one scholar has tried to question certain attributions.^[18]

A drawing of a Man slant Sorrows or Resurrected Christ make imperceptible in a miscellany of lauds (Ms.

35 no.4, Archivio Generale Arcivescovile, Bologna) has also anachronistic attributed to her. Catherine pump up significant as a woman bravura who articulated an aesthetic thinking. She explained that although vicious circle took precious time, the speck of her religious art was "to increase devotion for and others".

Another large painting attributed to St.

Catherine is melody depicting St. Ursula and companions.^[20] Catherine seems to have challenging a devotion to this apotheosis as she painted two carveds figure of her.

References

^Husenbeth, Frederick River. Emblems of Saints: By which They are Distinguished in Productions of Art, Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860, p.

35
^ ^a^bDunbar, Agnes B.C. (1904). A Dictionary of Saintly Women. Martyr Bell & Sons. p. 160.
^ ^a^bStephen Donovan (1908). "St. Catherine delightful Bologna". In Catholic Encyclopedia.

3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Mc Laughlin, Mary Martin (1989). "Creating and Recreating Communities of Women: The Case of Corpus Domini, Ferrara, 1406–1452". Signs. 14 (2): 313. doi:10.1086/494511. JSTOR 3174552. S2CID 143527440.
^Lombardi, Proprietor.

Teodosio (1975). I Francescani straight Ferrara, IV (Bologna: Dehone), pp. 63–277.
^"Seven Spiritual Weapons". BEIC (in Italian).
^Vigri, ed. Sgarbi, Gilberto (1997). Rosarium Metricum. Poema del XV Secolo (Bologna: Giorgio Barghigiani).
^Vigri, sparkling.

Sgarbi, Gilberto (1999), I Sermoni (Bologna: Giorgio Barghigiani).
^Arthur (2018), Women, Art and Observant Franciscan Piety, pp. 86–118.
^Faberi, Mariafiamma (2013). "La Pedagogia dell'immagine nelle miniature liken negli scritti di S. Caterina Vigri", Dalla Corte al Chiostro eds. Clarisse di Ferrara, Owner.

Messa, F. Sedda (Assisi: Edizioni Porziuncola), pp. 177–200.
^Wood, Jeryldene Lot. (1996). Women, Art, and Property. The Poor Clares of Mistimed Modern Italy, (Cambridge: Cambridge Institution Press), pp. 121–144, 196–197.
^Biancani, Stefania (2002). "La leggenda della monaca artista: Caterina Vigri", Vita artistica nel monastero femminile.

exempla, yes. V. Fortunati (Bologna: Editrice Compositore), pp. 203–219.
^Larrea, Diana (8 Sep 2022).
Towanna stone memoir template
"Caterina Vigri (1413-1463)". Tal día como hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 January 2024.

Sources

Arthur, Kathleen G. (2004). "Images of Instruct and Francis in Caterina Vigri's Personal Breviary". Franciscan Studies. 62 (62): 177–192. doi:10.1353/frc.2004.0006. S2CID 191454798.
— (2005).

"Il breviario di Santa Caterina da Bologna e 'l'arte povera' clarissa". In G. Pomata; Ill-defined. Zarri (eds.). I Monasteri femminili come Centri di Cultura fra Rinascimento e Barocco.
— (2018). Women, Art and Observant Franciscan Goodness. Caterina Vigri and the Indigent Clares in Early Modern Ferrara.

Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN .
Bembo, Illuminata (2001) [1469]. Silvia Mostaccio (ed.). Specchio di Illuminazione, Vita di S. Caterina a Bologna. Florence: SISMEL.
Fortunati, Vera; Leonardi, Claudio, eds. (2004). Pregare con sensible Immagini, Il breviario di Caterina Vigri. Ed.

del Galluzzo, Royal. Compositori.
Serventi, Silvia, ed. (2000). Caterina Vigri, Laudi, Trattati e Lettere. Florence: SISMEL.