Ramaswamy venkataraman biography of albert einstein

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

President of India from 1987 to 1992

"R. Venkataraman" redirects with reference to. For the Indian cricketer, look R. Venkataraman (Indian cricketer).

In that Indian name, the name Ramaswamy is a patronymic, and integrity person should be referred pressurize somebody into by the given name, Venkataraman.

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (pronunciationⓘ, 4 December 1910 – 27 January 2009),[1][2] also known considerably R.

Venkataraman, was an Asiatic lawyer, independence activist and legislator who served as a Undividedness Minister and as the ordinal president of India.[3] Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village thrill Tanjore district, Madras Presidency. Be active studied law and practised secure the Madras High Court station the Supreme Court of Bharat.

In his young age, filth was an activist of authority Indian independence movement and participated in the Quit India Bad mood. He was appointed as authority member of the Constituent Company and the provisional cabinet. Grace was elected to the Lok Sabha four times and served as Union Finance Minister tell off Defence Minister.

In 1984, noteworthy was elected as the ordinal vice president of India stomach in 1987, he became description eighth President of India elitist served from 1987 to 1992. He also served as topping State minister under K. Kamaraj and M. Bhaktavatsalam.[4]

Early life

Venkataraman was born in a Tamil Hindustani Iyer family[5][6] in Rajamadam hamlet near Pattukottai, Tanjore district be glad about Madras Presidency, British India.

Grace had his school education provide Govt Boys Higher Secondary Grammar, Pattukottai and undergraduation in Formal College, Tiruchirappalli.[7]

Educated locally and heritage the city of Madras (now Chennai), Venkataraman obtained his master's degree in economics from Theologiser College, Madras. He later able in Law from the Aggregation College, Madras.

Venkataraman was registered in the Madras High Chase in 1935 and in rank Supreme Court in 1951.[8]

While modus operandi law, Venkataraman was drawn inspire the movement for India's liberty from Britain's colonial subjugation. Realm active participation in the Amerindian National Congress's celebrated resistance choose the British Government, the Depart from India Movement of 1942, resulted in his detention for duo years under the Defence staff India Rules.

Venkataraman's interest assume the law continued during that period. In 1946, when birth transfer of power from Nation to Indian hands was menacing, the Government of India star him in the panel intelligent lawyers sent to Malaya significant Singapore to defend Indian nationals charged with offences of alliance during the Japanese occupation be defeated those two places.

In interpretation years 1947 to 1950, Venkataraman served as Secretary of significance Madras Provincial Bar Federation.[9]

Political career

Law and trade activity led tell somebody to Venkataraman's increasing association with civics. He was a member shambles constituent assembly that drafted India's constitution.

In 1950, he was elected to free India's Unconfirmed Parliament (1950–1952) and to leadership First Parliament (1952–1957). During coronet term of legislative activity, Venkataraman attended the 1952 Session firm the Metal Trades Committee recall International Labour Organisation as pure workers' delegate. He was copperplate member of the Indian Conforming Delegation to the Commonwealth Formal Conference in New Zealand.

Venkataraman was also Secretary to say publicly Congress Parliamentary Party in 1953–1954.[10][4]

Venkatraman was reelected to Parliament disseminate Thanjavur in the general choosing of 1957 with an more wisely majority of 37,000 votes.[11] Yes however resigned the seat tell off joined the Madras government mistakenness the invitation of its Gaffer Minister, K.

Kamaraj.[12] Venkataraman was sworn in as Minister meditate Industries on 26 April 1957 and was allotted several ministries including those of Labour duct Co-operation, Commercial Taxes and Nationalised Transport, Textiles, Mines and Minerals and Companies and was elect to the Madras Legislative Congress in the biennial elections conducted in March 1958.[13]

In the unit election of 1962, the Period Party under K Kamaraj was returned to power.

Venkataraman was retained as minister in organize of the same ministries via the Kamaraj Ministry which lasted 2 October 1963 and underneath Chief Minister M. Bhaktavatsalam who succeeded Kamaraj. Venkataraman himself was sworn-in as Minister in rectitude Bhaktavatsalam Ministry only on 23 October 1963, as he was in New York to turn up at the session of the Coalesced Nations Administrative Tribunal.[14] Venkataraman was reelected to the Council briefing the biennial elections of Advance 1964 and remained the superior of the house in rank Council until after the circle elections of 1967.[15]

As Minister glimpse Industries, Venkataraman proved to properly an able administrator who ushered in a period of profitable development in Madras.[16] He championed the idea of industrial estates, the first of which was established at Guindy, and succeeded in getting investments in greater public sector undertakings such hoot the Integral Coach Factory, Neyveli Lignite Corporation and the Giant Vehicles Factory.[17][18][19] Venkataraman persuaded influence TVS Group to set get ready a factory at Padi person in charge several other private companies plus Ashok Leyland, Hindustan Motors deed Enfield established their automobile factories in Madras during this time.[20]Tamil Nadu’s industrialization has been universally credited to steps initiated sooner than Venkataraman’s decade as the state’s industries minister and he has been described as the “father of industrialization” in Tamil Nadu.[21][22]

In 1967, Venkataraman contested the procedural election from Thanjavur but departed to the D.S.

Gopalar allround the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[23][24] Uphold the assembly election of 1967, the Congress was routed stop the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Proverb. N. Annadurai, the DMK’s superior in the Council became Leading Minister and Venkataraman the head of state of the opposition in authority Council until his resignation strange the Council in August 1967.[25]

Venkataraman was appointed a member nominate the Planning Commission in July, 1967 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and held charge designate industry, labour, power, transport, study and railways.[26][27] In 1970, honourableness Commission on Major Ports certain by Venkataraman submitted its noise to the Government.

This was the first study to wool made of the integrated extend and development of major ports in India.[28] He resigned unapproachable the Planning Commission in 1971.[29]

In 1977, Venkataraman was elected give somebody the job of the Lok Sabha from State (South) Constituency and served pass for an Opposition Member of Senate and Chairman of the Get around Accounts Committee.[30]

Venkataraman was also, multifariously, a member of the Civil Affairs Committee and the Mercantile Affairs Committee of the Unity Cabinet; Governor, International Monetary Sponsor, the International Bank for Renovation and Development, and the Indweller Development Bank.

Venkataraman was boss Delegate to the United Altruism General Assembly in 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 current 1961. He was Leader make stronger the Indian Delegation to rectitude 42nd Session of the Worldwide Labour Conference at Geneva (1958) and represented India in distinction Inter Parliamentary Conference in Vienna (1978). He was a colleague of the United Nations Supervisory Tribunal from 1955 to 1979 and was its President overexert 1968 to 1979.[31][32]

Union Minister

Minister celebrate Finance

Venkataraman was re-elected to high-mindedness Lok Sabha from the Province South constituency in the 1980 general election with an mastery majority of over 120,000 votes.[33] He was sworn in chimp Cabinet Ministerin charge of Provide security in the Indira Gandhi sacred calling on 14 January 1980.[34][35] Nigh January to April, 1980 forbidden was also Minister of Industry.[36][37] As finance minister, Venkataraman be on fire the interim and final budgets for 1980 and the without fail in 1981.[38] Venkataraman’s budget reconcile 1981 was seen as prejudicial the middle class and trade, focusing on improving growth come to rest savings in the economy space fully raising customs duty on lie imported goods to raise revenue.[39] In the same year, powder introduced a bill for description establishment of the National Capital for Agriculture and Rural Come to life which was passed by Parliament.[40]

When allegations of corruption were convex against the Congress Party survive the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, A.

R. Antulay regarding interpretation collection of funds by grand trust named after Prime Preacher Indira Gandhi, she tasked Venkataraman with defending the government talk to debates on the matter amount Parliament. Although members of class opposition attempted to introduce franchise motions against Venkatraman on loftiness grounds that he had misguided parliament, these were rejected by virtue of the presiding officers in both houses of parliament.[41][42] In crown interventions, Venkataraman sought to disassociate the Prime Minister from goodness activities of Antulay and without fear rejected the opposition’s demand agreeable a probe arguing that maladroit thumbs down d improprieties had been committed indifference the trust to warrant conclusion inquiry.[43][44]

It was during Venkataraman’s holding as finance minister that Bharat negotiated with the International Cash Fund for a loan make known 5 billion special drawing honest amounting to US$5.68 billion.[45][46] Authoritative in November 1981, this was the largest loan ever flat by the IMF.[47][46] While influence loan required the Indian reach a decision to limit the expansion longawaited credit and curtail commercial borrowings and to consult the IMF on fiscal and monetary policies of the government, it outspoken not require India to reduce belittle the rupee as was clapped out in the past.[45]

Minister of Defence

Venkataraman was shifted from the Cabinet of Finance on 15 Jan 1982 to the Ministry defer to Defence, a portfolio that confidential until then been held next to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[48][49]

During Venkataraman’s tenure in the ministry, leadership Government of India signed deals to purchase Sea King helicopters and Sea Eagle missiles distance from the United Kingdom and Hallucination fighter aircraft and Type 209 submarines from other western humanity thus seeking to undo dignity near monopoly that the Council Union had on weapons systems in the Indian armed forces.[50][51][52] In response, the Soviets, wakened alert to not lose out affront their largest arms market quantity the developing world, agreed shout approval India’s request for acquiring illustriousness MiG-29 fighter jet and defy the licensed production in Bharat of the MiG-27 and MiG-29 aircraft during Venkataraman's visit hide Moscow in June 1983.

Rendering offer was finalized during description visit to India of rectitude Soviet Defence Minister, Dmitry Playwright in March 1984.[53][54]

His most critical contribution as Defence Minister, nonetheless, was the launch of blue blood the gentry Integrated Guided Missile Development Radio show in 1983 which led used to the indigenous development of blue blood the gentry Prithvi, Akash, Agni, Thrishul bracket Nag missile systems by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation.[56] Venkataraman’s term also witnessed Bharat attempt to conduct a fissionable test in 1983 and interpretation seizing of the Siachen Glacier by the Indian Army problem 1984.[57]

Venkataraman demitted office on 2 August 1984 and was succeeded by S.

B. Chavan bit Minister of Defence.[58]

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose Venkataraman to put right the Congress Party’s candidate gather the vice presidential election relate to elect a successor to Collection. Hidayatullah. Bapu Chandrasen Kamble designate the Republican Party of Bharat was his sole opponent.[59] Fell the election held on 22 August 1984, Venkataraman won 508 of 715 valid votes lob to win outright.

Venkataraman was sworn in as Vice-President identify 31 August 1984.[60]

Following Indira Gandhi’s assassination, Vice President Venkataraman went along with President Zail Singh’s decision to appoint Rajiv Solon as prime minister. It was Venkataraman who announced Indira Gandhi’s death on Doordarshan and righteousness swearing-in of a new administration under Rajiv Gandhi.[61]

As relations mid Rajiv Gandhi and President Zail Singh worsened, the Prime Manage stopped calling on the Captain.

The government also began like depute Venkataraman in place be in possession of Singh on diplomatic visits.[62] Solon however told Parliament that noteworthy had been meeting the captain regularly and had kept him informed on all matters arrive at policy. A letter contradicting rendering Prime Minister’s statement, allegedly graphical by President Singh, was leaked to the media which direct to a political furore.

Venkataraman saved Rajiv Gandhi’s government well-known embarrassment when he declined denigration allow a discussion in rank house on this letter final on the president's right obstacle be kept informed under Morsel 78 of the Constitution. Insult angry protests and walkouts fail to see opposition parties, Venkataraman refused join budge stating that confidentiality slope communications between the president careful the prime minister was de rigueur to be maintained in nobleness interest of the nation.[63][64][65]

As Headman Singh’s term neared its achieve it was widely speculated divagate he intended to dismiss Statesman as prime minister and program a caretaker government.

Singh purposely Venkataraman whether he would take off interested in becoming the central minister in such an event but Venkataraman declined the offer.[66][67][68]

In the run up to nobleness presidential election of 1987, justness Congress party’s initial choices represent president were B.

Shankaranand, Pupul Jayakar and P.V. Narasimha Rao. However, Venkataraman let it remedy known that he would abdicate if he were not downcast as the party’s candidate edgy the presidency. On 14 June 1987 the Congress Parliamentary Scantling endorsed Venkataraman as the party’s nominee for the presidential election.[69][68] The Left parties fielded Offend V.

R. Krishna Iyer primate their candidate and despite hypothesis that he might contest brand an independent candidate, President Singh chose to retire.[70]

In the plebiscite held in July 1987 Venkataraman emerged victorious winning 740,148 votes against 281,550 votes polled harsh Krishna Iyer.

Mithilesh Kumar came a distant third winning 2,223 votes.[72] Venkatraman won the point in time of 606 of 755 Associates of Parliament and majorities fence in 14 of 25 state parliamentary assemblies while Iyer won grand majority in 8 legislative assemblies where non-Congress parties held spiffy tidy up majority and the support hill 139 members of Parliament.

Kumar, leader of the Goodmans Special, ended up winning seven votes.[73][74] Venkataraman was declared elected series 16 July 1987 and was sworn in on 25 July 1987.[75][76] The election was challenged unsuccessfully in the Supreme Pay suit to by Mithilesh Kumar.[77] Coming provision a series of electoral defeats, controversies over defence deals wallet the uneasy relationship between Top Minister Gandhi and President Zail Singh, the election result was perceived as a boost decimate the Congress Party.[78]

Venkataraman served thanks to President of India starting 1987, where he worked with duo prime ministers, and appointed four of them: V.

P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar and P. Out-and-out. Narasimha Rao, during his five-year term, which saw the disclosure of coalition politics in Bharat. His successor S. D. Sharma was the only other Amerind President in 20th Century disparage work with four prime ministers and appoint three of them.[79][80]

Venkataraman returned to Chennai provision retiring, but moved back proficient Delhi a few years later.[81]

Honours

Venkataraman received the Doctorate of Decree (Honoris Causa) from the Doctrine of Madras.

He is draft Honorary Fellow, Madras Medical College; a Doctor of Social Sciences, University of Roorkee; Doctor outline Law (Honoris Causa) from rank University of Burdwan. He was awarded the Tamra Patra sponsor participation in the freedom thresh, the Soviet Land Prize backing his travelogue on K. Kamaraj's visit to the Socialist countries.

He was the recipient make stronger a Souvenir from the Secretary-General of the United Nations expend distinguished service as President bear out the U.N. Administrative Tribunal. Birth title of "Sat Seva Ratna" was conferred on him dampen the Sankaracharya of Kancheepuram. Take steps was a great devotee bargain the Paramacharya of Kanchi.[82][7]

Illness challenging death

On 12 January 2009, Venkataraman was admitted to the Flock Hospital (then Research and Referral) in New Delhi with brickbats of Urosepsis (sepsis caused uncongenial a urinary tract infection).[83] condition grew critical on 20 January, when he was perceived with low blood pressure add-on E.

coli tract infection.

Venkataraman died at the age depose 98 on 27 January 2009 at 14:30 IST,[83] due inconspicuously multiple organ failure.[84] Since good taste died on the day aft Republic Day, some programmes concurrent it were cancelled to dint the respect towards the set-up former President.

He was cremated with full state honours favor Ekta Sthal near Raj Ghat. President Pratibha Patil, Vice Chairperson Mohammad Hamid Ansari, Prime Clergywoman Manmohan Singh, and various added leaders condoled his death.

Personal life

He was married to Janaki Venkataraman, and had a daughter.[85]

Books by Venkataraman

  • Role of Planning guaranteed Industrial Development, by Ramaswami Venkataraman.

    Published by Govt. of Bharat Press, 1969.

  • The Role of dexterous Private Member of Parliament, prep between Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Harold Laski Institute of Political Body of knowledge, 1986.
  • My Presidential Years – Concentration Venkataraman, by R Venkataraman. 1995. HarperCollins/Indus. ISBN 81-7223-202-0.
  • R.

    Venkataraman on Virgin Issues, by Ramaswami Venkataraman, Adolescent. Venkatasubramanian. Published by Variant Relationship, 1996.

  • Relevance of Gandhi: And Opposite Essays, by K Swaminathan, Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Gandhigram Assign, 1998.

Books on Venkataraman

  • President R.

    Venkataraman, by Nand Gopal Chaudhry. Obtainable by Manas Publications, 1987. ISBN 81-7049-018-9.

  • The Great Humanist Ramaswami Venkataraman, wishy-washy Attar Chand. Published by Gian Pub. House, 1987. ISBN 81-212-0106-3.
  • So Possibly will India be Great: Selected Speeches and Writings of President Attention.

    Venkataraman, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Accessible by Publication Division, Ministry draw round Information and Broadcasting, Govt. some India, 1990.

  • Selected Speeches, 1984–87, 10 September 1984 – 14 Possibly will 1987, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. In print by Publications Division, Ministry sun-up Information and Broadcasting, Govt.

    be partial to India, 1991.

  • President R. Venkataraman Elect Speeches: July 1987 – Dec 1989., by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Obtainable by Publications Division, Ministry make known Information and Broadcasting, Govt. pay India, 1991.

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